We present the main results of a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the Canterbury region recently completed for Environment Canterbury (formerly Canterbury Regional Council). We use the distribution of active faults and the historical record of earthquakes to estimate the levels of earthquake shaking (peak ground acceleration and response spectral accelerations) that can be expected across the Canterbury region with return periods of 150, 475 and 1000 years. The strongest shaking (e.g. 475 year peak ground accelerations of 0.7g or more) can be expected in the west and north to northwest of the Canterbury region, where the greatest concentrations of known active faults and historical seismicity are located. Site-specific analyses of eight towns and cities selected by Environment Canterbury show that Arthur's Pass and Kaikoura are located within these zones of high hazard. In contrast, the centres studied in the Canterbury Plains (Rangiora, Kaiapoi, Christchurch, Ashburton, Temuka and Timaru) are generally located away from the zones of highest hazard. The study represents the first application of recently-developed methods in probabilistic seismic hazard at a regional scale in New Zealand.